Mottled Raynaud's phenomenon and hand-arm vibration syndrome: followed up for 10 years.

Vibration white finger is a form of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) caused by the use of handheld vibrating tools. RP usually appears on the extremities of the fingers, and its borders are well recognised. No reports have been published on 'mottled' RP in continuous observation from the onset to the disappearance of RP. A man in his 60s who had been using vibrating tools such as jackhammers and tampers for 30 years presented with sensations of coldness, burning and numbness. Whole-body cold exposure was performed outdoors in winter, and RP was photographed continuously. 'Mottled' RP can be defined as triphasic colour changes: white, blue and red. The patient was taken off work, kept warm and medicated. His symptoms improved slightly after 10 years of follow-up, but the RP did not disappear. 'Mottled' RP is rare and refractory and should be recognised as a form of RP.

Metabolomics responses and tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa under acoustic vibration stress.

Sound has been shown to impact microbial behaviors. However, our understanding of the chemical and molecular mechanisms underlying these microbial responses to acoustic vibration is limited. In this study, we used untargeted metabolomics analysis to investigate the effects of 100-Hz acoustic vibration on the intra- and extracellular hydrophobic metabolites of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Our findings revealed increased levels of fatty acids and their derivatives, quinolones, and N-acylethanolamines upon sound exposure, while rhamnolipids (RLs) showed decreased levels. Further quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments showed slight downregulation of the rhlA gene (1.3-fold) and upregulation of fabY (1.5-fold), fadE (1.7-fold), and pqsA (1.4-fold) genes, which are associated with RL, fatty acid, and quinolone biosynthesis. However, no alterations in the genes related to the rpoS regulators or quorum-sensing networks were observed. Supplementing sodium oleate to P. aeruginosa cultures to simulate the effects of sound resulted in increased tolerance of P. aeruginosa in the presence of sound at 48 h, suggesting a potential novel response-tolerance correlation. In contrast, adding RL, which went against the response direction, did not affect its growth. Overall, these findings provide potential implications for the control and manipulation of virulence and bacterial characteristics for medical and industrial applications.

Investigating the prilling/vibration technique to produce gastric-directed drug delivery systems for misoprostol.

Prilling/vibration technique to produce oral microcapsules was explored to achieve local delivery of misoprostol (MIS), a prostaglandin E1 analogue indicated for the treatment of gastric-duodenal ulcers, at the gastric mucosa. To improve MIS chemical stability and reduce its associated systemic side effects, drug delivery systems were designed and developed as microcapsules consisting of a core of sunflower oil and MIS (Fs6 and Fs14) or a MIS complex with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) (Fs18), confirmed by specific studies, and a polymeric shell. The produced microcapsules showed high encapsulation efficiencies for those with MIS solubilized in sunflower oil (>59.86 %) and for the microcapsules with MIS/HP-ß-CD (97.61 %). To demonstrate the ability of these systems to deliver MIS into the stomach, swelling and drug release experiments were also conducted in simulated gastric fluid. Among the three formulations, FS18 showed gastric release within 30 min and was the most advantageous formulation because the presence of the MIS/HP-ß-CD inclusion complex ensured a greater ability to stabilise MIS in the simulated gastric environment. In addition, these new systems have a small size (<540 µm), and good flow properties and the dose of the drug could be easily adapted using different amounts of microcapsules (flexibility), making them a passepartout for different age population groups.

Design and Analysis of Multi-Analyte Detection Based Biosensor in the Visible to Near-Infrared (VNIR) Region.

This manuscript introduces a highly sensitive dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based multi-analyte surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, possessing the ability to detect multiple analytes at once. A chemically stable thin plasmonic substance of gold (Au) layer, holding a thickness of 30 nm, is employed to the outer portion of the stated design that manifests a negative real permittivity. Moreover, an ultra-thin film of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) , having a thickness of 10 nm, is inserted into the exterior of the gold film to calibrate the resonance wavelength as well as magnify the coupling strength. The performance of the sensor is rigorously explored employing the finite element method (FEM), where numerical investigation confirms that the intended sensor model exhibits a peak amplitude sensitivity (AS) of 2606 RIU-1 , as well as a highest wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 20,000 nm/RIU. The achieved outcomes affirm that the sensor design can be conceivably applied in numerous biological; as well as biochemical analyte refractive index (RI) detection to realize the relevant significant applications in the visible to near-infrared (VNIR) region of 0.5 to [Formula: see text].

Effects of vibration-based biofeedback on multifidus muscle activity and pelvic tilt angle in subjects with hip flexion limitation.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary work may lead to low back pain. In particular, a slumped sitting position may exacerbate low back pain because of tissue damage caused by excessive lumbar flexion and posterior pelvic tilting. Subjects with low back pain may have excessive changes in the lumbopelvic posture and back muscle activity in the sitting position. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of vibration-based biofeedback using a motion sensor belt and no biofeedback on multifidus (MF) muscle activity and pelvic tilt angle during typing. METHODS: Thirty subjects with low back pain accompanied by hip flexion limitation (15 each in the biofeedback and non-biofeedback groups) were enrolled. Electromyography was used to investigate MF muscle activity before and after typing for 30 min. Pelvic tilt was measured after typing in a sitting position for 30 min. Independent t-tests were used to compare MF muscle activity, and pelvic and second sacrum tilt angles, between the biofeedback and non-biofeedback groups. RESULTS: After typing for 30 min, changes in MF muscle activity (11.45% and -7.19% for the biofeedback and nonbiofeedback groups, respectively) and pelvic and second sacrum tilt angles (3.15∘ and 4.12∘ for the biofeedback group and -11.05∘ and -18.16∘ for the non-biofeedback group, respectively) were significantly smaller in the biofeedback than non-biofeedback group (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Vibration-based biofeedback minimizes the reduction in MF muscle activity and changes in pelvic and second sacrum tilt angles during typing in individuals with low back pain accompanied by hip flexion limitation.

Electrostimulation of the white matter of the posterior insula and medial operculum: perception of vibrations, heat, and pain.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to characterize the sensory responses observed when electrically stimulating the white matter surrounding the posterior insula and medial operculum (PIMO). We reviewed patients operated on under awake conditions for a glioma located in the temporoparietal junction. Patients' perceptions were retrieved from operative reports. Stimulation points were registered in the Montreal Neurological Institute template. A total of 12 stimulation points in 8 patients were analyzed. Painful sensations in the contralateral leg were reported (5 sites in 5 patients) when stimulating the white matter close to the parcel OP2/3 of the Glasser atlas. Pain had diverse qualities: burning, tingling, crushing, or electric shock. More laterally, in the white matter of OP1, pain and heat sensations in the upper part of the body were described (5 sites in 2 patients). Intermingled with these sites, vibration sensations were also reported (3 sites in 2 patients). Based on the tractograms of 44 subjects from the Human Connectome Project data set, we built a template of the pathways linking the thalamus to OP2/3 and OP1. Pain sites were located in the thalamo-OP2/3 and thalamo-OP1 tracts. Heat sites were located in the thalamo-OP1 tract. In the 227 awake surgeries performed for a tumor located outside of the PIMO region, no patients ever reported pain or heat sensations when stimulating the white matter. Thus, we propose that the thalamo-PIMO connections constitute the main cortical inputs for nociception and thermoception and emphasize that preserving these fibers is of utmost importance to prevent the postoperative onset of a debilitating insulo-opercular pain syndrome.

The immediate effects of deep transverse friction massage, high- power pain threshold ultrasound and whole body vibration on active myofascial trigger points.

BACKGROUND: The most important clinical problem in myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is trigger points (TrPs). The aim of the present study was to investigate the comparison of immediate effect of deep transverse friction massage (DTFM), high-power pain threshold ultrasound (HPPTUS), and whole body vibration (WBV) on treatment of active myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: sixty six men with active TrPs of upper trapezius muscle were randomly divided into three equal groups: DTFM, HPPT US, and WBV. Pain intensity based on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), pressure pain threshold (PPT) and active contralateral lateral flexion range of motion (CLF ROM) of the neck were evaluated before and immediately after the interventions. RESULTS: The VAS, PPT and the active CLF ROM were substantially improved after intervention in all groups (P < 0.01). When the three groups were compared regarding VAS, participants in the WBV group reported significantly more reduction in pain (P < 0.01). On comparing the interventions, there were no significant differences in PPT values (P > 0.05). The CLF ROM value in HPPTUS and WBV groups have significant increase in comparison to the DTFM group. CONCLUSION: All three interventions can improve neck pain, PPT and ROM in participants with active TrPs in upper trapezius muscle, but due to the fact that the DTFM has more pressure on therapist fingers, and the HPPTUS technique requires proper interaction with the participants, WBV can be used as one of the effective intervention on active MTrPs of upper trapezius. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT20200518047498N1.

Whole-body vibration exercise in the management of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are an important public health problem, representing about 45% of deaths in the world. Its management is linked to medications, changes in lifestyle, and physical exercise, with the whole-body vibration exercises (WBV) being a promising therapeutic resource. This study aims to investigate the effects of WBV in isolation or associated with other types of exercises in the management of CVDs. METHODS: A systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines and registered on the PROSPERO platform was carried out. The search took place in the databases PubMed, Cochrane, PEDro, Lilacs, and Science Direct, from the beginning of the databases until January 2021. Descriptors related to WBV and CVD were used. The selected studies were assessed for quality, risk of bias, and level of evidence. RESULTS: In all, 84 studies were identified, and of these, three were included. The intervention protocols used were analyzed, in addition to the effects of WBV on hemodynamic, cardiovascular, vascular/arterial, and muscle parameters. CONCLUSION: The use of different WBV protocols, in isolation, in the improvement of the parameters mentioned above in individuals with CVD is plausible, with significant responses acutely or chronically and can be considered as a safe and effective training resource.

Comparison of the immediate effects of plantar vibration of both feet with the plantar vibration of the affected foot on balance in patients with stroke: Preliminary findings.

OBJECTIVE: Plantar vibration is one of the strategies to enhance balance in stroke patients. This study compared the effects of the plantar vibration of both feet and the plantar vibration of the most affected side in patients with stroke. METHODS: This study was a single-blind clinical trial. Post-stroke patients with balance impairment were enrolled in the study and underwent two treatment sessions with a one-week interval. They received both feet's plantar vibration in one session and plantar vibration of the most affected side in the other session (frequency 100 Hz, 5 min). Mini-BESTest, Modified Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS), and Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination (SWME) were used to evaluate balance, spasticity, and plantar sensation, before and after the treatment sessions. RESULTS: Ten patients with a mean age of 52.9 (SD = 5.48) years were enrolled in the study. Mini-BESTest scores of balance and plantar flexor muscle spasticity were significantly improved after both feet plantar vibration and plantar vibration of the more affected side. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of both sides plantar vibration and the most affected side plantar vibration. There were no significant improvements in SWME sensory scores after plantar vibration of either both sides or the most affected side. CONCLUSION: Plantar vibration of both sides had no additional benefits in this group of patients with chronic stroke. Plantar vibration of more affected side can be used for improving balance and plantar flexor spasticity post-stroke. The Plantar vibration had no effects on the affected foot sensibility.

Whole-Body Vibration Prevents Neuronal, Neurochemical, and Behavioral Effects of Morphine Withdrawal in a Rat Model.

Peripheral mechanoreceptor-based treatments such as acupuncture and chiropractic manipulation have shown success in modulating the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain and projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the striatum. We have previously shown that mechanoreceptor activation via whole-body vibration (WBV) ameliorates neuronal and behavioral effects of chronic ethanol exposure. In this study, we employ a similar paradigm to assess the efficacy of WBV as a preventative measure of neuronal and behavioral effects of morphine withdrawal in a Wistar rat model. We demonstrate that concurrent administration of WBV at 80 Hz with morphine over a 5-day period significantly reduced adaptations in VTA GABA neuronal activity and NAc DA release and modulated expression of δ-opioid receptors (DORs) on NAc cholinergic interneurons (CINs) during withdrawal. We also observed a reduction in behavior typically associated with opioid withdrawal. WBV represents a promising adjunct to current intervention for opioid use disorder (OUD) and should be examined translationally in humans.

Ultraviolet Resonance Raman Spectra of Serum Albumins.

The ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectra of the two proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) in an aqueous solution are compared with the aim to distinguish between them based on their very similar amino acid composition and structure and to obtain signals from tryptophan that has only very few residues. Comparison of the protein spectra with solutions of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine in comparative ratios as in the two proteins shows that at an excitation wavelength of 220 nm, the spectra are dominated by the strong resonant contribution from these three amino acids. While the strong enhancement of two and one single tryptophan residue in BSA and HSA, respectively, results in pronounced bands assigned to fundamental vibrations of tryptophan, its weaker overtones and combination bands do not play a major role in the spectral range above 1800 cm-1. There, the protein spectra clearly reveal the signals of overtones and combination bands of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Assignments of spectral features in the range of Raman shifts from 3800 to 5100 cm-1 to combinations comprising fundamentals and overtones of tyrosine were supported by spectra of amino acid mixtures that contain deuterated tyrosine. The information in the high-frequency region of the UVRR spectra could provide information that is complementary to near-infrared absorption spectroscopy of the proteins.

Optimization of biodiesel production, engine exhaust emissions, and vibration diagnosis using a combined approach of definitive screening design (DSD) and artificial neural network (ANN).

In this study, definitive screening design (DSD) optimization and artificial neural network (ANN) modelling techniques are applied for the production of palm oil biodiesel (POBD). These techniques are implemented to examine the vital contributing factors in achieving maximum POBD yield. For this purpose, seventeen experiments are conducted randomly by varying the four contributing factors. The results of DSD optimization reveal that a biodiesel yield of 96.06% is achieved. Also, the experimental results are trained in ANN for predicting the biodiesel yield. The results proved that the prediction capability of ANN is superior, with a high correlation coefficient (R2) and low mean square error (MSE). Furthermore, the obtained POBD is characterized by significant fuel properties and fatty acid compositions and observed within the standards (ASTM-D675). Finally, the neat POBD is examined for exhaust emissions and engine cylinder vibration analysis. The emissions results confirm a significant drop in NOx (32.46%), HC (40.57%), CO (44.44%), and exhaust smoke (39.65%) compared to diesel fuel at 100% load. Likewise, the engine cylinder vibration measured on top of the cylinder head reveals a low spectral density with low amplitude vibrations observed for POBD at measured loads.

INFLUENCE OF LONG-TERM VIBRATION ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE SUPERIOR VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS NEURONS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF STIMULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS NUCLEI.

Prolonged vibration exposure leads to alterations of the central control mechanisms of both the vestibulo-ocular and the vestibulo-autonomic systems, including a change in the hypothalamic-vestibular relationships associated, in particular, with the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. Post-vibration disturbances of the vestibular function are largely due to adaptive changes in neurotransmitter activity. The dynamics of spike activity of single neurons of the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN) in response to high-frequency stimulation of the paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei after long-term vibration exposure were analyzed. Analysis of impulse activity revealed the prevalence of tetanic potentiation in the responses of SVN neurons to high-frequency stimulation of paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of rats. Exposure of animals to vibration led to a decrease in the number of neurons with tetanic potentiations and significant dominance of post-tetanic potentiation. Morphological and histochemical results showed that under hypothalamic stimulation in the SVN neurons of rats exposed to vibration, there is an increase in metabolism and dephosphorylation processes in the cellular structures of the studied brain area, which ultimately provides optimal conditions for the processes of cell survival and regeneration.

Clinical efficacy of vibration stimulation therapy to relieve acute exercise fatigue.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed that local vibration stimulation therapy was effective in relieving fatigue, and the effects of different modes of vibration stimulation therapy were further investigated. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effects of different vibration stimulation modes on relieving acute exercise fatigue based on the multiphysiological indicators such as heart rate variability (HRV), skin conductance level (SCL), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) subjective scale. METHODS: Sixty participants selected from the dragon boat team of the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were divided into acupoint stimulation group (20 participants), muscle stimulation group (20 participants), and control group (20 participants) by complete randomization. RESULTS: (1) RPE: both stimulation groups showed a significant increase compared to the control group. (2) Heart rate values: the difference between muscle stimulation group and control group was statistically significant; (3) SCL: the two stimulation groups had significantly higher and statistically significant differences in SCL (max) and SCL (mean) values compared to the control group; the muscle stimulation group had statistically significant differences in SCL (min) compared to the control group, and the acupoint stimulation group had statistically significant differences in SCL (v) compared to the control group; (4) HRV (hf): The difference between the acupoint stimulation group and the muscle stimulation group was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: (1) Both stimulation groups are part of vibration therapy, which can relieve sympathetic tension and regulate the vegetative nervous system's relaxation effect. (2) The meridian-vessel theory may be related to the acupoint stimulation group. The low-level visceral regulation centers in the spinal nerve segment region, where the acupoints are located, trigger changes in autonomic tone and enhance parasympathetic nerve activity to relieve acute motor fatigue. (3) The muscle stimulation group may be due to the 30-Hz vibration frequency's ability to raise muscle epidermal temperature, which increases blood flow and reflexively inhibits sympathetic excitation.

Web Vibrations in Intraspecific Contests of Female Black Widow Spiders, Latrodectus hesperus.

Female black widow spiders, Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin and Ivie (Araneae: Theridiidae), are solitary predators of arthropods with no tolerance for intruders on the webs. In California, L. hesperus are found in urban and agricultural settings and can be a phytosanitary pest in fresh produce. Spatial separation of L. hesperus webs could be determined by seasonal population densities, with territorial competition expected under high densities in the environment. However, little is known about female-female communication behaviors in this species. In 1-hr laboratory observations, displays of female-female rivalry included production of vibrational signals in a majority (20 of 30) of trials. The number of signals produced by both females was highest during the initial 10 min of trials, with signaling rate (time interval between signals) peaking during the 40-50 min observation period. The overall ratio of signals produced by the resident female and the introduced female was about 5:1, with the number of signals produced by the resident female higher than the number of signals produced by the introduced female. Analysis of rivalry signals showed a peak in magnitude (about 0.4 m/s) ranging from 6 to 23 Hz and smaller peaks at about 29, 38, and 47 Hz. Collectively, these results demonstrate that female L. hesperus exhibit territorial rivalry and that female-female rivalry is mediated by emission of vibrational signals through the web. Understanding the mechanisms of intraspecific competition in L. hesperus is required for elucidating interspecific interactions in the environment and may lead to development of novel methods to prevent spiders from colonizing crops.

The collective vibrational modes of dihydropyridine in nifedipine studied by terahertz spectroscopy.

Cardiovascular pharmaceuticals have drawn huge attention in drug development. Nifedipine (NFD) is an important member of calcium channel blockers (CCB) with the structural characteristic of dihydropyridine (DHP), but the binding mechanism to its target remains an open question. Even though several analytical techniques have been used for structural characterizations, the information of collective vibrational behavior is still lacking. In this work, we use terahertz (THz) spectroscopy to investigate the spectral fingerprints of NFD, and quantitatively evaluate the temperature-induced frequency shifts. Combined with quantum chemical calculations, each THz fingerprint is attributed to specific collective vibrational modes. The collective vibrations of DHP are mainly distributed below 2.5 THz, which provides complementary information to understand the behavior of rigid DHP ring. The rotation of methyl group and the wagging of nitrophenyl group are widely distributed in the range of 1.0-4.0 THz, which is helpful for the conformational recognition between NFD and target molecule. THz spectroscopy is demonstrated to be suitable for characterizing the collective vibrational modes of DHP and elucidating the drug-target binding behavior from the perspective of noncovalent interactions. It has the potential to become a non-invasive technology for conformational analysis and pharmaceutical development.

Whole-body vibration versus supervised aerobic exercise on hormonal parameters and inflammatory status in women with premenstrual syndrome: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) and aerobic exercise on the hormonal profile and inflammatory status in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). METHODS: A prospective, randomized, pre-post-test, single-blind, controlled trial was conducted in 105 women diagnosed with PMS. They were randomized into three equal groups. All women received magnesium and vitamin B complex supplementation once daily. WBV training was added three times per week to the WBV group. The aerobic exercise group added aerobic exercise three times per week, while the control group received no additional intervention. The Premenstrual Syndrome Questionnaire (PMSQ) was used to assess PMS symptoms. Blood analysis was performed to measure hormone assays (estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and cortisol) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein at the start and after the end of the treatment program. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between WBV and aerobic exercise according to PMSQ and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P = 0.99 and P = 0.98, respectively), but there was a statistically significant difference between both groups in cortisol, progesterone, prolactin, and estradiol (P = 0.001), with more favor given to the WBV group. CONCLUSION: WBV and aerobic exercise have positive effects on women with PMS, with more favor given to WBV.

The Effectiveness of Whole-Body Vibration and Heat Therapy on the Muscle Strength, Flexibility, and Balance Abilities of Elderly Groups.

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a novel exercise training measure that promotes the muscle strength, flexibility, and balance abilities of elderly groups. The feasibility and applicability of 20-30 min (lowering a heat pack at 73 °C by wrapping it in multiple layers of towels to 40-43 °C before it touched the skin) thermotherapy are increasingly being demonstrated by applications and clinical trials. Studies show that it increases the flexibility of macules and ligament. However, no studies have examined the interactions between the pre-exercise and post-exercise application of heat therapy (duration a training course). Therefore, this study investigates the effects of WBV and heat therapy on the muscle strength, flexibility, and balance abilities of elderly groups. Eighty middle-age and elderly participants with no regular exercise habits were enrolled in this study. They were randomly assigned to a WBV group, a WBV plus heat therapy group, a heat therapy alone group, and a control group. The WBV groups underwent 5-min, fixed-amplitude (4 mm), thrice-weekly WBV training sessions for 3 consecutive months on a WBV training machine. Participants' balance was measured using the limits of stability (LOS) test on a balance system. The pretest and posttest knee extensor and flexor strength were tested using an isokinetic lower extremity dynamometer. Pretest and posttest flexibility changes were measured using the sit-and-reach test. Significantly larger pretest and posttest differences in flexibility and muscle strength were observed in the WBV and WBV plus heat therapy groups. The addition of heat therapy to WBV resulted in the largest flexibility improvements.

Electron Correlation or Basis Set Quality: How to Obtain Converged and Accurate NMR Shieldings for the Third-Row Elements?

The quality of theoretical NMR shieldings calculated at the quantum-chemical level depends on various theoretical aspects, of which the basis set type and size are among the most important factors. Nevertheless, not much information is available on the basis set effect on theoretical shieldings of the NMR-active nuclei of the third row. Here, we report on the importance of proper basis set selection to obtain accurate and reliable NMR shielding parameters for nuclei from the third row of the periodic table. All calculations were performed on a set of eleven compounds containing the elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, or Cl. NMR shielding tensors were calculated using the SCF-HF, DFT-B3LYP, and CCSD(T) methods, combined with the Dunning valence aug-cc-pVXZ, core-valence aug-cc-pCVXZ, Jensen polarized-convergent aug-pcSseg-n and Karlsruhe x2c-Def2 basis set families. We also estimated the complete basis set limit (CBS) values of the NMR parameters. Widely scattered nuclear shieldings were observed for the Dunning polarized-valence basis set, which provides irregular convergence. We show that the use of Dunning core-valence or Jensen basis sets effectively reduces the scatter of theoretical NMR results and leads to their exponential-like convergence to CBS. We also assessed the effect of vibrational, temperature, and relativistic corrections on the predicted shieldings. For systems with single bonds, all corrections are relatively small, amounting to less than 4% of the CCSD(T)/CBS value. Vibrational and temperature corrections were less reliable for H3PO and HSiCH due to the high anharmonicity of the molecules. An abnormally high relativistic correction was observed for phosphorus in PN, reaching ~20% of the CCSD(T)/CBS value, while the correction was less than 7% for other tested molecules.